Class A – Single Column Bench Top Units – 50N-5kN – Universal Tensile Testing Machine

Testing for high-strength tensile uses wedge grips. These mechanical grips are built to tighten on their own as the tensile test goes on. Based on the sample's geometry, each wedge grip must have two grip face inserts. Flat samples utilize a typical serrated grip face, whereas rounded samples employ a "Vee" insert. Some of the bigger capacity grips require the locking of a lateral door to protect the fixed wedge.

• Application: Compression test of metallic and non-metallic materials
• Maximum force: 20kN
• Connection: upper grip Φ10mm pin, lower grip is seated on the lower adapter
• Grip height:
• Upper grip (A): 65.5mm,
• Lower grip (B): 20mm
• Platen (C): Ф100mm
• Working temperature: ambient
• Test space needed: 85.5mm
• Upper grip weight: 1.8kg
• Lower grip weight: 1.6kg

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Flexural testing gauges a material's stiffness or resistance to bending by measuring the amount of force needed to bend a plastic beam. The material's ability to bend before permanently deforming is indicated by its flex modulus. For snap-fit assemblies or plastic lock arms, the arm must flex to facilitate appropriate connection seating and then flex back into position to lock the connection in place. If the locking mechanism is composed of brittle material, it will be more likely to shatter when bent. Flex testing for support beams, for instance, reveals how much weight the beams can sustain before bending. As a result, a rigid or stiffer material is more suited for such an application.

• Application: 3-point bending test of metallic and non-metallic materials
• Maximum force: 10kN
• Connection: upper (lower) grip: Φ10mm pin
• Height: upper grip (A): 91mm, lower grip (B): 110mm
• Total width (C): 280mm
• Working temperature: ambient
• Test space needed: 201mm
• Upper grip weight: 0.4kg
• Lower grip weight: 1.6kg
• Bending nose: R2mm, R3mm, R5mm, R7mm, exchangeable
• Support roller: R2mm, R5mm, exchangeable
• Specimen width: 40mm
• Maximum span: 160mm, adjustable

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To measure force, a universal testing machine (UTM) is frequently employed. A moving crosshead is part of an electromechanical system that makes up a UTM. At a predetermined rate, the crosshead moves upward (acting in tension) or downward (acting in compression). A load cell—essential to force testing—is fastened to the crosshead to evaluate the material's response to an applied force. In order to control test method characteristics such as test rate, end-of-test criteria, and test results, the software is attached to the machine.

Due to its adaptability, a UTM is referred to as "universal." A UTM may put various materials through tension, compression, bend, peel, shear, tear, and other mechanical tests. Additionally, enhancing their flexibility, these systems come in various sizes and capacities and are compatible with various load cells.

The smallest force change that a load cell can detect and, consequently, translate into a change in output voltage is referred to as resolution. The two main indicators of how a load cell will function in its lower range are resolution and accuracy.

NG-EML Class A Universal Testing Machine force accuracy is ±1% / 0.5%of reading.

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All objects—from toothbrushes to umbrellas to the parts of a space shuttle—are subject to forces throughout their lives. We all use forces unknowingly when carrying out routine tasks like tying a shoelace or ripping open a package. Forces are much more important to take into account in high-risk scenarios, such as when using a syringe to inject medication or operating an aeroplane. Testing is necessary to guarantee the safety and quality of every product, as well as the safety and quality of the materials and components they are created from, regardless of the application where force is being applied.

The measuring of an object's response to an applied force, often up until failure, is referred to as a force test. Force testing is used in an R&D setting to evaluate materials, assess the tensile strength of a certain material type, or create products that adhere to ergonomic or other requirements. Additionally, force testing is frequently used as a quality control measure across sectors to ensure that a particular batch of products satisfies specifications. It is crucial to comprehend how force is measured and how to measure it properly given the prevalence of force testing across sectors.

NG-EML Class A Universal Testing Machine force range is 0.2% - 100%FS/ 0.4% - 100%FS

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Only metals test type. A certain rate of straining of the specimen's parallel slice is known as the straining rate. In extension control, it is executed. By dividing the strain rate by the gauge (parallel) length of the specimen, the provided straining rate can be converted into an equivalent crosshead speed. For instance, a specimen with a parallel length of 100mm and a rate of 1% per minute produces a crosshead speed of 1mm/min.

The Metals test type determines a suitable position rate that is close to the intended strain rate and regulates the crosshead movement at that rate throughout the ramp to which it is applied. The specimen compliance affects the actual strain rate that is attained.

Using the position rate for the elastic portion of the test is not advised because it is fixed for the entire ramp and is calculated without taking into account potential compliance factors.

NG-EML Class A Universal Testing Machine crosshead speed accuracy is ±1.0% / ±0.5% of set speed.

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The strain rate in test specimens is inversely proportional to the crosshead speed of the testing apparatus. The strain rate and testing temperature often influence the tensile characteristics of test materials. A natural fibre composite specimen of this size obtained by the Universal Testing Machine has a maximum strain rate that is quite constrained to less than 0.01/s. An increase in strain rate, like a drop in temperature, will often help to increase strength and possibly decrease ductility in materials like metals, polymers, and composites.

When polymeric materials exhibit viscoelastic/plastic phenomena in their deformation characteristics, the effect is frequently much more pronounced. However, there is no ideal strain rate; instead, it depends on the application for which your material may be employed.

Since the test is in extension control, the specimen's parallel length, not the extensometer's gauge length, is the gauge length utilized to calculate the strain.

NG-EML Class A Universal Testing Machine crosshead speed is 0.001 - 1000mm/min.

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Materials scientists strongly emphasize comprehending how a material's processing history affects its structure and, subsequently, its characteristics and functionality. The materials paradigm describes how links between processing, structure, and characteristics are understood. This paradigm is utilized to expand knowledge in a number of fields of study, including metallurgy, nanotechnology, and biomaterials.

Investigating materials, goods, buildings, or components that fail or do not work as intended and result in personal injury or property damage is a crucial component of forensic engineering and failure analysis, which also heavily relies on materials science. These kinds of investigations are essential for understanding, for instance, the reasons behind different aviation accidents and events.

Research in the field of materials science is hectic. Materials research is a collaborative effort across materials science, physics, chemistry, and other engineering departments. A few significant study fields are highlighted in the following non-exhaustive list of topics that constitutes materials research.

NG-EML Class A Universal Testing Machine dimensions & weight are:

20.85×19.3×50.8"

(53x49x129cm)

(159cm for 100cm crosshead travel)

198lbs / 90kg

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This calibration must be done with all force indicators operational and for each force range being used. Any auxiliary equipment (such as a pointer or recorder) that has the potential to alter the force-measuring system must, while in use, undergo verification in accordance with 6.4.6. Each force-measuring system on a testing machine should be treated as a distinct testing machine if the equipment includes several force-measuring systems. For double-piston hydraulic machines, the same technique must be performed. With the following exception: employ known masses if the force to be verified is below the lower limit of the smallest capacity force-proving device used in the calibration method. The calibration must be performed using force-proving instruments.

When calibrating a force range using more than one force-proving instrument, the maximum force delivered to the smaller device must match the minimum force applied to the subsequent force-proving instrument with a higher capacity. When verifying forces with a group of known masses, the group must be regarded as a single force-proving instrument.

NG-EML Class A Universal Testing Machine complies with ISO 7500, Class 1 / Class 0.5 calibration standard.

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When designing ductile parts, tensile strengths are rarely essential, but they are crucial when designing brittle members. Popular materials are tabulated, including metals, composites, ceramics, polymers, and wood.

The value of a material's ultimate tensile strength does not depend on the size of the test specimen because it is an intense attribute. However, depending on the material, it might also depend on other elements, including how the specimen was prepared, whether or not there were any surface flaws, and how hot the test setting and material were.

A brittle failure occurs when a material breaks abruptly and without plastic deformation. Others that are more ductile, like the majority of metals, go through some plastic deformation and may neck before they break.

The ultimate tensile strength is often determined by doing a tensile test and observing the engineering stress vs. strain. The ultimate tensile strength is the highest point on the stress-strain curve and has stress units. The compressive strength is the corresponding point when compression takes the place of tension.

NG-EML Class A Universal Testing Machine force resolution is 1/500,000FS.

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The testing procedure for tensile creep is generally the same as normal testing, albeit usually at lower pressures to stay in the creep domain as opposed to plastic deformation. Additionally, specialist tensile creep testing equipment may include high-temperature furnace components that facilitate diffusion.

Utilizing strain gauges or laser gauges, the sample is maintained at a fixed temperature and tension while the material's strain is monitored. Equations controlling various creep mechanisms, such as power law or diffusion creep, can be used to fit the measured strain (see creep for more information). Analyses can be furthered by looking at the sample after a fracture. Design and material choices can benefit from understanding the creep mechanism and rate.

The NextGen long travel extensometer is a precise device for measuring strain in highly extensible materials such as elastomers, semi-rigid plastics and films.

• Gauge Length: 10mm, 20mm, 25mm, 50mm
• Measurement range: 10~ 800 mm
• Resolution: 0.01 mm
• Accuracy: 1%
• Standard: BS 5214

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Creep in materials, a slow plastic deformation of the material due to constant applied pressures over long periods of time, can be tested via tensile testing. The movement caused by diffusion and dislocation typically aids creep. Tensile testing is useful for materials like concrete and ceramics that behave differently in tension and compression and, as a result, have varied tensile and compressive creep rates, even though there are various ways to test creep. It is crucial to understand tensile creep to design concrete for structures that suffer tension, such as water-holding containers, or to maintain structural integrity generally.

Extensive range of accessories to meet test requirements in almost any application or industry: plastics, metals, biomedical, composites, elastomers, components, automotive, aerospace, textiles, and more.

Here are the test accessories for NG-EML Class A Universal Testing Machine:

• Tension grip
• Peel/tear fixture
• Compression fixture
• Flexure fixture
• Film COF test fixture
• Exchangeable load cells: 10N~2kN
• Long travel extensometer
• Clip-on extensometer

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The EML class A Series addresses the needs of standardized and routine testing, providing the user high quality at the most affordable price.

• Pre-loaded ball screws and robust bearings guarantee a long lifespan with no backlash as well as performance with low linear force and through zero. As a result, measurements are precise and reproducible, accurately reflecting specimen features instead of load frame flaws.
• Fully protected lead screw covers extend the life of the screws and increase operator safety. 
• High-speed, low vibration, top-of-the-line AC servo motor and servo controller are also featured.
• Photoelectrical encoders are built into the servo motor system to measure crosshead position.
• A built-in bidirectional load cell is assembled in the middle crosshead to avoid collisions and make compression or tension tests simple.
• Dual action over-travel limits are also featured on all frames.
• Test operation is facilitated with the remote control keypad.
• The NG-400 controller has 8-CH A/D conversion for high-speed data collection.
• Complete parts and labour warranty for a year.
• Free software upgrade.

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The test specimen must be positioned correctly in the testing apparatus because if it is out of place, at an angle or offset to one side, the machine will apply a bending force on the specimen. This will significantly bias the results, which is hazardous for brittle materials. This scenario can be reduced by installing spherical seats or U-joints between the grips and the test machine. The specimen is misaligned in the testing apparatus if the stress-strain curve's early segment is curved rather than linear.

Extensometers are usually used to measure strain measurements. However, strain gauges are also frequently employed when measuring the Poisson's ratio or on small test specimens. Digital time, force, and elongation measurement systems are found in more recent test machines. These systems consist of electronic sensors coupled to a data-gathering tool (typically a computer) and software to manipulate and output the data. However, analogue machines are still in use today and continue to meet and surpass the accuracy standards set by ASTM, NIST, and ASM for metal tensile testing.

Here are the new features:

• Robust linear motion guide increases lateral stiffness and ensure linear crosshead travel. This results in accurate crosshead alignment thus reducing variability in measurement data and producing better overall accuracy.
• Servo motor with precise planet-gear speed reducer provides higher driving efficiency, low noise and free of maintenance. Because there is no need to replace lubricants the system’s work life is prolonged.
• Compact design saves lab space

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NextGen’s NG-DTC-500 digital controller offers high speed and closed loop control of load, displacement and extension.

• Imported IC, more reliable.
• Up to 1200Hz sampling frequency.
• Up to 1200Hz closed loop control frequency.
• 20bit resolution.
• 16 digital input/output port.
• Built-in port for PC communication.
• Expandable ports.
• Load protection, over-current protection, over-voltage protection, over-speed protect, and over-travel protection.
• Remote Control with Display.
• Ergonomically-designed and easy to operate.
• Fine tuning knob.
• Test start and stop operation.
• Crosshead moving up, down, jog up, jog down.
• Display of measurement channel: force, displacement, extension and etc.
• Test status display.
• Specimen protection function

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The machine needs to be equipped appropriately for the test specimen being used. The four primary factors are capacity, speed, accuracy, and precision. The ability of the machine to produce enough force to fracture the specimen is referred to as force capacity. To accurately simulate the actual application, the machine must be able to deliver the force either fast or slowly enough. Finally, the device must be able to measure the gauge length and forces applied with accuracy and precision; for example, a huge machine made to measure long elongations might not function with brittle material that experiences small elongations before shattering.

Software features:

• Multi-language software with built-in English and Chinese which user can customize their own translation freely.
• Pre-packaged test methods to help you quickly and efficiently meet the requirements of global test standards such as ASTM, ISO, DIN, EN, BS, and more.
• Intuitive expression for easy programming of testing standards and testing process. Testing report can be customized according to the requirement.
• User authorization: The administrator can assign different functions for different level users.
• Analysis can give typical test results like Young’s modulus, Proof stress, Yield stress, stress, strain, Tensile strength, Elongation at break, compressive strength, bending strength, etc.

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The universal testing machine is the most typical tensile testing apparatus. Two crossheads are used in this kind of equipment; one is powered to provide tension on the test specimen, while the other is driven to correct for the specimen's length. There are two categories: machines with hydraulic and electromagnetic propulsion systems.

The electromechanical machine moves the crosshead up or down using single, double, or four screws along with an electric motor and gear reduction system. By altering the motor's speed, a variety of crosshead speeds can be achieved. A microprocessor in the closed-loop servo controller may control the crosshead's speed, and as a result, the load rate. A single-acting or dual-acting piston is used in hydraulic testing equipment to raise or lower the crosshead. There are additional testing systems that are manually operated. The operator must change a needle valve to regulate the load rate in manual arrangements.

NG-EML Class A Universal Testing Machine uses USB 2.0 communication. Utilizing a USB 2.0 interface and moving data at a 12Mb/s speed, hardware and software exchange data. The main communication development path is toward USB, which will eventually replace other communication methods because of its high communication speed and variety of communication modes (including controlling, breaking, batch, real-time, etc.).

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The EML Class A Series meets the needs of routine and standardized testing while offering the user great quality at the lowest possible cost. For tension, compression, flexure, and other testing applications where load range requirements are less than 5 kN and lab space is constrained, single-column Class A testing systems are suitable. They are frequently employed for production testing and quality control.

• A broad range of robust, small single-column load frame layouts.
• Low-vibration, high-speed electromechanical drive.
• Pre-loaded, precise ball screws.
• Guides for linear motion for better alignment.
• Software that is flexible and simple to use and has a built-in industry standards library (ASTM, ISO, DIN, EN, BS, and more).
• Closed loop, high-resolution digital controllers (integrated into load frame).
• Crosshead position, overload, over temperature, over-voltage, and other limits are checked automatically.
• Extensometers, environmental systems, grips, and fittings are all available.
• Dependable test space security.

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A sample is put through a controlled tension until it fails in a test procedure called tensile testing, also referred to as tension testing. Ultimate tensile strength, breaking strength, maximum elongation, and reduction in the area are characteristics that a tensile test can accurately assess. These observations can all calculate Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, yield strength, and strain-hardening characteristics. Uniaxial tensile testing is the most popular method for determining the mechanical properties of isotropic materials. Biaxial tensile testing is used with some materials. The method used to apply load to the materials differs significantly amongst various testing apparatuses.

The testing objectives and the governing test technique or specification determine how test specimens should be prepared. A standardized sample cross-section characterizes a tensile specimen in most cases. It has a gauge (section) in between the two shoulders. On average, the shoulders and grip section are 33% larger than the gauge section, making them easier to hold. The distortion and failure can also take place here due to the gauge section's reduced diameter.

Here are NG-EML Class A Universal Testing Machine typical specimens:

• Plastics
• Fine wire
• Fibers and threads
• Biomaterials
• Thin films
• Adhesives
• Foam
• Packaging
• Paper products
• Consumer products

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A method or technique called "metal testing" is used to determine a metallic substance's composition. Both destructive and non-destructive processes exist. Determining the characteristics of recently forged metal alloys is another aspect of metal testing. Identification of unmarked pure, common metals can be accomplished quickly and simply thanks to the availability of numerous chemical-property databases, preserving the original sample's whole, usable state.

Non-destructive testing is used in this process. However, when working with alloys (forged mixes of metals), dividing the original sample into its constituent parts may be necessary before measuring and computing the exact composition. Once the components are identified, they can be looked up and compared to alloys that are already known. In the process, the original sample would be ruined.

The most popular test procedure performed on Metals is the Corrosion resistance test.

NG-EML Class A Universal Testing Machine has the following load frame configuration: Single column, Table-top, Electromechanical.

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Flexible electronics are now being used more frequently. The combined electro-mechanical behaviour must be evaluated if flexible screens and sensors are to be strong and durable. The fragmentation test, or uniaxial tensile straining of the film and substrate, is the most used technique for analyzing the electrical and mechanical properties of conductive thin films used in flexible electronics. The behaviour of fracture and deformation can be assessed in situ. In situ electrical resistance measurements can provide useful information on the stretchability of metal interconnects as well as the crack onset strain of brittle layers like transparent conductors.

In situ electrical measurements in conjunction with in situ X-ray or confocal laser scanning microscopy can offer even more details regarding the mechanisms of material system breakdown. X-rays can be used to assess lattice stresses and strains, and confocal laser scanning microscopy can be used to examine cracking and buckle delamination. The integrated methodologies offer useful electrical and mechanical data that are coupled and necessary to comprehend failure causes in flexible electronics.

NG-EML Class A Universal Testing Machine force capacity is 50N, 100N, 200N, 500N, 1kN, 2kN, 5kN.

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