Universal testers, which test materials in tension, compression, or bending, are the most popular testing equipment. Their main job is to produce the stress-strain curve that is discussed in the chapter’s next section. Both hydraulic and electromechanical devices are used for testing.

The way the load is applied makes the biggest difference. A variable-speed electric motor, a gear reduction system, and one, two, or four screws that raise or lower the crosshead are the foundation of electromechanical machines. This movement applies tension or compression to the specimen. The motor’s speed can be altered to alter crosshead speeds. To precisely regulate the crosshead’s speed, a closed-loop servo system powered by a computer can be used.

In a manually operated machine, the loading rate is controlled by adjusting the aperture of a pressure-compensated needle valve. For precise control in a closed-loop hydraulic servo system, the needle valve is swapped out for a servo valve that is electrically controlled.

Typically, the bench is listed as optional equipment in the Round Tensile Sample Preparation System quotation.

The bench is 48x42x38 inches in size and weighs 248 pounds (113 kg) (122 x 107 x 97cm).

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